Product Image

SuperPump Aggression Jersey Mobster Italian Ice

Gaspari Nutrition
4.6
★ ★ ★ ★ ★
(179 ratings)
Betaine Anhydrous 2000 mg
Theobromine 200 mg
Citrulline 4000 mg
Tyrosine 1500 mg
Deanol 100 mg
Caffeine 400 mg
Choline 40 mg
Product Image
Score72
Well-disclosed performance ingredients make the training support easy to evaluate. The combined 400 mg caffeine, theobromine, and rauwolscine load is the central drawback.
How scoring works
Quantity:450 Gram(s) • (25 servings)
Goals:
Fitness
Weight Gain
Muscle Gain
Energy
Mental Focus
Metabolism Boost
Brain Health
Productivity Boost

Score 72

Well-disclosed performance ingredients make the training support easy to evaluate. The combined 400 mg caffeine, theobromine, and rauwolscine load is the central drawback.
How scoring works

Also available as

2 options
Fruit Punch Fury 18 Gram(s) • 450 Gram(s) • 25 servings $39.99 ($1.59 per serving) Mayhem Mango 18 Gram(s) • 450 Gram(s) • 25 servings $39.99 ($1.59 per serving)
$39.99($1.59 per serving)
iHerb
$ 39.99
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Analysis

Citrulline, beta-alanine, betaine, agmatine, and tyrosine create a broad performance and focus foundation. The listed quantities are substantial and avoid the uncertainty of a proprietary performance blend.

Caffeine, theobromine, and rauwolscine drive a forceful stimulant effect. DMAE and club moss extract add complexity, while the small choline amount offers limited nutritional support.

The formula is designed for experienced users who want pronounced energy during demanding early workouts. A lower-stimulant option will be more practical for most users and for any session later in the day.

Who is it for
  • Experienced high-stimulant users
  • High-intensity trainees
  • Adults who train well before bedtime
Best for
  • Demanding gym sessions
  • Workout drive and focus
  • Endurance and pump support

Pros

  • Transparent active amounts
  • Well-dosed beta-alanine
  • Meaningful citrulline and betaine
  • Strong tyrosine and agmatine coverage

Cons

  • Very high caffeine amount
  • Adds multiple secondary stimulants
  • Choline amount is minimal
  • Not practical for frequent late-day use

Warnings

  • The 400 mg caffeine amount plus theobromine and rauwolscine may cause jitters, anxiety, rapid heartbeat, higher blood pressure, or lost sleep.
  • Rauwolscine can amplify stimulant sensitivity and is unsuitable for many users with cardiovascular or anxiety concerns.
  • The 3,200 mg beta-alanine amount may cause temporary tingling or skin prickling.

Nutrient quality

70 High impact

The performance ingredients are mostly purposeful and meaningfully dosed. The combined caffeine, theobromine, and rauwolscine load is unnecessarily aggressive for general use.

Ingredient transparency

78 High impact

All listed actives and amounts are disclosed without a proprietary blend. Directions and inactive ingredients are still absent from the provided data.

Customer satisfaction

66 High impact

The favorable rating has support from a moderate review base. Missing review text prevents assessment of repeated side effects or workout experiences.

Value for money

70 High impact

Substantial core doses support formula value, although the short bottle life weakens serving economics. High stimulant intensity also narrows the number of suitable users.

Report analysis

Goals

Fitness
Fitness
Impact
Highest effect
A Goal FitA- Strength of SupportA CoverageB- Formula Quality
Betaine Anhydrous · 2000 mgCitrulline · 4000 mgBeta-Alanine · 3200 mgCaffeine · 400 mg

Citrulline, beta-alanine, betaine, tyrosine, agmatine, and caffeine create a potent pre-workout for pump, endurance, and training focus. Most major actives are clearly disclosed at useful performance amounts.

Caffeine, theobromine, and rauwolscine create a very heavy stimulant load that can raise the risk of jitters, rapid heartbeat, blood-pressure effects, or lost sleep. The formula is a poor fit for stimulant-sensitive users despite its strong ergogenic design.

Study evidence
Betaine Anhydrous Mixed 16 studies
Caffeine Supportive 255 studies
Citrulline Supportive 45 studies
Weight Gain
Weight Gain
Impact
Highest effect
A Goal FitA- Strength of SupportA CoverageB Formula Quality
Caffeine · 400 mgBeta-Alanine · 3200 mgCitrulline · 4000 mg

L-citrulline, beta-alanine, betaine anhydrous, caffeine, and tyrosine can increase training output and create a stronger hypertrophy stimulus. The formula supports the training side of lean-mass gain but provides no calories, protein, or creatine.

The combination of 400 mg caffeine, rauwolscine, and theobromine creates a very heavy stimulant load that may cause jitters, rapid heartbeat, blood-pressure effects, or lost sleep. Sleep and appetite disruption could work against muscle gain despite stronger workouts.

Study evidence
Betaine Anhydrous Disputed 13 studies
Caffeine Adverse 11 studies
Citrulline No effect 8 studies
Muscle Gain
Muscle Gain
Impact
Highest effect
A- Goal FitA- Strength of SupportA- CoverageB Formula Quality
Caffeine · 400 mgCitrulline · 4000 mgBeta-Alanine · 3200 mg

Well-dosed beta-alanine, citrulline, betaine, and tyrosine may support training volume, power, blood flow, and focus. Transparent amounts make the formula easy to assess for hypertrophy-focused sessions.

The serving contains four hundred milligrams of caffeine, which is a high stimulant load and may disrupt sleep or recovery when taken late. Users sensitive to caffeine may also experience jitteriness or a rapid heartbeat.

Study evidence
Betaine Anhydrous Supportive 7 studies
Caffeine Supportive 31 studies
Citrulline Supportive 15 studies
Energy
Energy
Impact
Highest effect
A Goal FitA Strength of SupportA- CoverageD+ Formula Quality
Caffeine · 400 mg

A very strong stimulant and blood-flow stack directly targets acute alertness and exercise performance. A full citrulline serving, heavy caffeine, theobromine, and rauwolscine provide potent and clearly disclosed effects.

The combined stimulant load is excessive for many users and may cause pronounced jitters, nausea, rapid heartbeat, blood-pressure changes, or sleep disruption. The formula may increase short-term intensity but sacrifices safety and balance for aggressive stimulation.

Study evidence
Caffeine Supportive 68 studies
Citrulline No effect 14 studies
Theobromine Adverse 1 study
Mental Focus
Mental Focus
Impact
Highest effect
A- Goal FitA Strength of SupportA- CoverageD+ Formula Quality
Choline · 100 mgCaffeine · 400 mg

The pre-workout combines a very high caffeine amount with meaningful tyrosine, theobromine, DMAE, and clubmoss-derived compounds. It should produce pronounced alertness and covers stimulant, precursor, and cholinergic pathways.

The combination of caffeine, theobromine, and rauwolscine is aggressive and may impair calm concentration through jitteriness or overstimulation. It may also cause sleep disruption, rapid heartbeat, or blood-pressure effects in sensitive users.

Study evidence
Caffeine Supportive 128 studies
Choline Supportive 22 studies
Metabolism Boost
Metabolism Boost
Impact
High effect
B+ Goal FitB+ Strength of SupportC+ CoverageC Formula Quality
Caffeine · 400 mg

Caffeine and theobromine provide direct thermogenic stimulation, while tyrosine and betaine support workout performance rather than resting metabolism. The formula can temporarily increase energy expenditure, but it is not a broad metabolic-health product.

Active amounts are disclosed and the caffeine dose is high enough to dominate the effect. The 400 mg caffeine dose with theobromine and rauwolscine may raise heart rate, blood pressure, anxiety, or sleep disruption.

Study evidence
Caffeine Disputed 40 studies

Ingredients

IngredientAmount per serving
Choline
40 mg
L-Citrulline
4000 mg
Beta Alanine
3200 mg
Betaine Anhydrous
2000 mg
Agmatine Sulfate
1500 mg
L-Tyrosine
1500 mg
Caffeine Anhydrous
400 mg
N-Palmitoylethanolamide
300 mg
Theobromine
200 mg
Choline Bitartrate
100 mg
Dimethylaminoethanol Bitartrate
100 mg
Bioperine (Black Pepper Extract)
 5 mg
Rauwolfia vomitoria Whole Herb Extract (Rauwolscine)
 3 mg
Club Moss Extract (Huperzia serrata Extract)
 2 mg
Adults 18–50 Women
Report overview
Betaine Anhydrous · 2000 mg OverallScore89
A+ Active Ingredient Quality & BioavailabilityA- Dose, Safety & Label TransparencyB Value

The 2,000 mg betaine anhydrous dose supports performance use, although it remains below the full-dose threshold. The exact active amount is easy to verify and the cost is reasonable for that dose. The combination of 400 mg caffeine and 3 mg rauwolscine creates a heavy stimulant load that may cause jitters, a faster heart rate, or lost sleep.

View ingredientView products
Theobromine · 200 mg OverallScore88
A Active Ingredient Quality & BioavailabilityA+ Dose, Safety & Label TransparencyC Value

Theobromine is separately quantified at an effective amount. Strong doses of other pre-workout ingredients add value, though the flavored powder's excipients are not disclosed. Combining 200 mg of theobromine with 400 mg of caffeine and 3 mg of rauwolscine may increase jitteriness, nausea, headache, or cardiovascular strain.

View ingredientView products
Citrulline · 4000 mg OverallScore76
B- Active Ingredient Quality & BioavailabilityA+ Dose, Safety & Label TransparencyD- Value

Pure L-citrulline is clearly disclosed at an amount that fits the effective performance range. The source and purity standards are not identified, and the complex formula provides no added assurance about citrulline quality. Cost efficiency is only moderate, while the high caffeine dose and rauwolscine may cause overstimulation, sleep disruption, or increased heart rate in sensitive users.

View ingredientView products
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<p>The fully disclosed pre-workout has useful amounts of beta-alanine, betaine, tyrosine, agmatine, and citrulline. Compared with the original, its supplied ingredient and goal alignment is a stronger fit for choline, caffeine, betaine anhydrous.</p>
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<p>The fully disclosed pre-workout has useful amounts of beta-alanine, betaine, tyrosine, agmatine, and citrulline. Compared with the original, its supplied ingredient and goal alignment is a stronger fit for choline, caffeine, betaine anhydrous.</p>
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<p>The fully disclosed pre-workout has useful amounts of beta-alanine, betaine, tyrosine, agmatine, and citrulline. No additional lower-cost eligible candidate was supplied, so it is the closest remaining fit while retaining relevance to choline, caffeine, betaine anhydrous.</p>
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<p>The fully disclosed pre-workout has useful amounts of beta-alanine, betaine, tyrosine, agmatine, and citrulline. No additional lower-cost eligible candidate was supplied, so it is the closest remaining fit while retaining relevance to choline, caffeine, betaine anhydrous.</p>
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<p>The fully disclosed pre-workout has useful amounts of beta-alanine, betaine, tyrosine, agmatine, and citrulline. Its combination of ingredient alignment and serving value compares favorably with the original for choline, caffeine, betaine anhydrous.</p>
Report alternatives

Sources

Published studies used for the product analysis and the top-ranked studies for each ingredient and goal.

  1. Effects of chronic betaine supplementation on performance in professional young soccer players during a competitive season: a double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
    Nobari H; Cholewa JM; Castillo-Rodríguez A; Kargarfard M; Pérez-Gómez J · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2021
    Randomized trial29 participantsFitness forBetaine Anhydrous
  2. Betaine supplementation improves CrossFit performance and increases testosterone levels, but has no influence on Wingate power: randomized crossover trial.
    Zawieja E; Durkalec-Michalski K; Sadowski M; Główka N; Chmurzynska A · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2023
    Randomized trial43 participantsFitness forBetaine Anhydrous
  3. Effects of Betaine Supplementation on Muscle Strength and Power: A Systematic Review.
    Ismaeel A · Journal of strength and conditioning research · 2018
    Systematic review7 studies pooledFitness forBetaine Anhydrous
  4. Creatine but not betaine supplementation increases muscle phosphorylcreatine content and strength performance.
    del Favero S; Roschel H; Artioli G; Ugrinowitsch C; Tricoli V; Costa A; Barroso R; Negrelli AL; Otaduy MC; da Costa Leite C; Lancha-Junior AH; Gualano B · Amino acids · 2012
    Randomized trialFitness forBetaine Anhydrous
  5. The Effects of Combined Exercise with Citrulline Supplementation on Body Composition and Lower Limb Function of Overweight Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
    Xie S; Li S; Shaharudin S · Journal of sports science & medicine · 2023
    Meta-analysis303 participants7 studies pooledFitness forCitrulline
  6. Acute Effects of Citrulline Supplementation on High-Intensity Strength and Power Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
    Trexler ET; Persky AM; Ryan ED; Schwartz TA; Stoner L; Smith-Ryan AE · Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2020
    Meta-analysis198 participants12 studies pooledFitness forCitrulline
  7. Effects of Acute Citrulline Malate Supplementation on CrossFit® Exercise Performance: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Cross-Over Study.
    Devrim-Lanpir A; Ihász F; Demcsik M; Horváth AC; Góczán P; Czepek P; Takács J; Kimble R; Zare R; Gunes FE; Knechtle B; Weiss K; Rosemann T; Heinrich KM · Nutrients · 2024
    Randomized trial21 participantsFitness forCitrulline
  8. The effect of l-citrulline and watermelon juice supplementation on anaerobic and aerobic exercise performance.
    Cutrufello PT; Gadomski SJ; Zavorsky GS · Journal of sports sciences · 2016
    Randomized trial22 participantsFitness forCitrulline
  9. Neurocognitive effects of acute choline supplementation in low, medium and high performer healthy volunteers.
    Knott V; de la Salle S; Choueiry J; Impey D; Smith D; Smith M; Beaudry E; Saghir S; Ilivitsky V; Labelle A · Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior · 2016
    Randomized trial24 participantsMental Focus forCholine
  10. The relation of dietary choline to cognitive performance and white-matter hyperintensity in the Framingham Offspring Cohort.
    Poly C; Massaro JM; Seshadri S; Wolf PA; Cho E; Krall E; Jacques PF; Au R · The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2012
    Cohort study1,391 participantsMental Focus forCholine
  11. Cytidinediphosphocholine (CDP-choline) for cognitive and behavioural disturbances associated with chronic cerebral disorders in the elderly.
    Fioravanti M; Yanagi M · The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2005
    Meta-analysis14 studies pooledMental Focus forCholine
  12. Associations between maternal folate status and choline intake during pregnancy and neurodevelopment at 3-4 years of age in the Alberta Pregnancy Outcomes and Nutrition (APrON) study.
    Irvine N; England-Mason G; Field CJ; Letourneau N; Bell RC; Giesbrecht GF; Kinniburgh DW; MacDonald AM; Martin JW; Dewey D; APrON Study Team · Journal of developmental origins of health and disease · 2023
    Cohort study309 participantsMental Focus forCholine
  13. Effect of cocoa and theobromine consumption on serum HDL-cholesterol concentrations: a randomized controlled trial.
    Neufingerl N; Zebregs YE; Schuring EA; Trautwein EA · The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2013
    Randomized trial152 participantsCardiovascular Support forTheobromine
  14. The Effect of Theobromine Supplementation on HDL-c Subclasses (HDL-c2, HDL-c3), HDL-c2/HDL-c3 Ratio, and Gene Expression of PPAR-α and Sirt1 in Subjects With Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.
    Sharifi-Zahabi E; Dastafkan Z; Asadi A; Hosseini-Baharanchi FS; Rezvani N; Yari S; Shidfar F · Food science & nutrition · 2025
    Randomized trial80 participantsCardiovascular Support forTheobromine
  15. Relationships between consumption of theobromine in cocoa products and cardiovascular risk factors in 2015-2020 National health and nutrition examination survey.
    Ponsuporn W; Naumovski N; McKune AJ; Khemacheewakul J; Leksawasdi N; Rachtanapun P; Taesuwan S · European journal of nutrition · 2026
    Cross-sectional study8,531 participantsCardiovascular Support forTheobromine
  16. The acute effects on duodenal gene expression in healthy men following consumption of a low-fat meal enriched with theobromine or fat.
    Smolders L; Mensink RP; Boekschoten MV; de Ridder RJJ; Plat J · Scientific reports · 2018
    Randomized trial8 participantsCardiovascular Support forTheobromine
  17. Combined L-carnosine and L-tyrosine supplementation as an ergogenic strategy for physical and cognitive performance under fatigue in professional football players.
    Bilgin S; Bozyılan E; Buzdağlı Y; Karaç Öcal Y; Gürkan O; Toktaş S; İnan H; Egil İ; Yarayan YE · Frontiers in nutrition · 2026
    Randomized trial24 participantsBrain Health forTyrosine
  18. Effect of tyrosine supplementation on clinical and healthy populations under stress or cognitive demands--A review.
    Jongkees BJ; Hommel B; Kühn S; Colzato LS · Journal of psychiatric research · 2016
    Narrative reviewBrain Health forTyrosine
  19. Influence of nutritional tyrosine on cognition and functional connectivity in healthy old humans.
    Hensel C; Becker M; Düzel S; Demuth I; Norman K; Steinhagen-Thiessen E; Gallinat J; Lindenberger U; Kühn S · NeuroImage · 2019
    Cross-sectional study286 participantsBrain Health forTyrosine
  20. Dietary Tyrosine Intake (FFQ) Is Associated with Locus Coeruleus, Attention and Grey Matter Maintenance: An MRI Structural Study on 398 Healthy Individuals of the Berlin Aging Study-II.
    Plini ERG; Melnychuk MC; Harkin A; Dahl MJ; McAuslan M; Kühn S; Boyle RT; Whelan R; Andrews R; Düzel S; Drewelies J; Wagner GG; Lindenberger U; Norman K; Robertson IH; Dockree PM · The journal of nutrition, health & aging · 2023
    Cross-sectional study398 participantsBrain Health forTyrosine
  21. Baseline-dependent effect of dopamine's precursor L-tyrosine on working memory gating but not updating.
    Jongkees BJ · Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience · 2021
    Randomized trial45 participantsBrain Health forTyrosine
  22. Does l-citrulline supplementation and watermelon intake reduce blood pressure in middle-aged and older adults? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
    Luo P; Chen J; Liu K; Zhang J · Clinical nutrition ESPEN · 2025
    Meta-analysis415 participants15 studies pooledCardiovascular Support forCitrulline
  23. Micronutrient Supplementation to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk.
    An P; Wan S; Luo Y; Luo J; Zhang X; Zhou S; Xu T; He J; Mechanick JI; Wu WC; Ren F; Liu S · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · 2022
    Meta-analysis883,627 participants884 studies pooledCardiovascular Support forCitrulline
  24. l-Citrulline supplementation improves O2 uptake kinetics and high-intensity exercise performance in humans.
    Bailey SJ; Blackwell JR; Lord T; Vanhatalo A; Winyard PG; Jones AM · Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2016
    Randomized trial10 participantsCardiovascular Support forCitrulline
  25. Effects of L-Citrulline Supplementation on Endothelial Function and Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Postmenopausal Women.
    Maharaj A; Fischer SM; Dillon KN; Kang Y; Martinez MA; Figueroa A · Nutrients · 2022
    Randomized trial25 participantsCardiovascular Support Heart Health forCitrulline
  26. Short-term effects of L-citrulline supplementation on arterial stiffness in middle-aged men.
    Ochiai M; Hayashi T; Morita M; Ina K; Maeda M; Watanabe F; Morishita K · International journal of cardiology · 2012
    Randomized trial15 participantsCardiovascular Support forCitrulline
  27. Theobromine supplementation in combination with a low-calorie diet improves cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese subjects with metabolic syndrome: a randomized controlled trial.
    Sharifi-Zahabi E; Rezvani N; Hajizadeh-Sharafabad F; Hosseini-Baharanchi FS; Shidfar F; Rahimi M · Food & function · 2023
    Randomized trial80 participantsCardiovascular Support forTheobromine
  28. Cognitive and mood improvements of caffeine in habitual consumers and habitual non-consumers of caffeine.
    Haskell CF; Kennedy DO; Wesnes KA; Scholey AB · Psychopharmacology · 2005
    Randomized trial48 participantsEnergy forCaffeine
  29. Caffeine-containing energy drink improves physical performance of elite rugby players during a simulated match.
    Del Coso J; Ramírez JA; Muñoz G; Portillo J; Gonzalez-Millán C; Muñoz V; Barbero-Álvarez JC; Muñoz-Guerra J · Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme · 2016
    Randomized trial26 participantsEnergy forCaffeine
  30. Differential cognitive effects of energy drink ingredients: caffeine, taurine, and glucose.
    Giles GE; Mahoney CR; Brunyé TT; Gardony AL; Taylor HA; Kanarek RB · Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior · 2013
    Randomized trial48 participantsEnergy forCaffeine
  31. Does Single or Combined Caffeine and Taurine Supplementation Improve Athletic and Cognitive Performance without Affecting Fatigue Level in Elite Boxers? A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study.
    Ozan M; Buzdagli Y; Eyipinar CD; Baygutalp NK; Yüce N; Oget F; Kan E; Baygutalp F · Nutrients · 2022
    Randomized trial20 participantsEnergy forCaffeine
  32. Trait Energy and Fatigue Modify the Effects of Caffeine on Mood, Cognitive and Fine-Motor Task Performance: A Post-Hoc Study.
    Fuller DT; Smith ML; Boolani A · Nutrients · 2021
    Randomized trialEnergy forCaffeine
  33. Acute Effect of Citrulline Malate on Repetition Performance During Strength Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
    Vårvik FT; Bjørnsen T; Gonzalez AM · International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism · 2021
    Meta-analysis137 participants8 studies pooledEnergy forCitrulline
  34. Oral L-citrulline supplementation enhances cycling time trial performance in healthy trained men: Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled 2-way crossover study.
    Suzuki T; Morita M; Kobayashi Y; Kamimura A · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2016
    Randomized trial22 participantsEnergy forCitrulline
  35. Citrulline malate enhances athletic anaerobic performance and relieves muscle soreness.
    Pérez-Guisado J; Jakeman PM · Journal of strength and conditioning research · 2010
    Randomized trial41 participantsEnergy forCitrulline
  36. Citrulline/malate promotes aerobic energy production in human exercising muscle.
    Bendahan D; Mattei JP; Ghattas B; Confort-Gouny S; Le Guern ME; Cozzone PJ · British journal of sports medicine · 2002
    Single-arm trial18 participantsEnergy forCitrulline
  37. The Effect of Citrulline Malate Supplementation on Muscle Fatigue Among Healthy Participants.
    Farney TM; Bliss MV; Hearon CM; Salazar DA · Journal of strength and conditioning research · 2019
    Randomized trial12 participantsEnergy forCitrulline
  38. Sleep symptoms associated with intake of specific dietary nutrients.
    Grandner MA; Jackson N; Gerstner JR; Knutson KL · Journal of sleep research · 2014
    Cross-sectional study4,552 participantsEnergy forTheobromine
  39. Effects of short-term betaine supplementation on muscle endurance and indices of endocrine function following acute high-intensity resistance exercise in young athletes.
    Arazi H; Aboutalebi S; Taati B; Cholewa JM; Candow DG · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2022
    Randomized trial10 participantsFitness forBetaine Anhydrous
  40. Effects of Nutrition Interventions on Athletic Performance in Soccer Players: A Systematic Review.
    Aguinaga-Ontoso I; Guillen-Aguinaga S; Guillen-Aguinaga L; Alas-Brun R; Guillen-Grima F · Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023
    Systematic review310 participants16 studies pooledFitness forBetaine Anhydrous
  41. Effect of caffeine ingestion on cycling performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
    Wu J; Xu K; Yin M; Ding X; Wang T; Zhang Q; Wu X; Xiao N · Frontiers in nutrition · 2026
    Meta-analysis226 participants20 studies pooledFitness forCaffeine
  42. Effects of Caffeine Intake on Endurance Running Performance and Time to Exhaustion: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
    Wang Z; Qiu B; Gao J; Del Coso J · Nutrients · 2023
    Meta-analysis254 participants21 studies pooledFitness forCaffeine
  43. Acute Effects of Caffeine Supplementation on Movement Velocity in Resistance Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
    Raya-González J; Rendo-Urteaga T; Domínguez R; Castillo D; Rodríguez-Fernández A; Grgic J · Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2021
    Meta-analysis12 studies pooledFitness forCaffeine
  44. Sex Differences in the Ergogenic Response of Acute Caffeine Intake on Muscular Strength, Power and Endurance Performance in Resistance-Trained Individuals: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
    Montalvo-Alonso JJ; Ferragut C; Del Val-Manzano M; Valadés D; Roberts J; Pérez-López A · Nutrients · 2024
    Randomized trial76 participantsFitness forCaffeine
  45. Can I Have My Coffee and Drink It? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis to Determine Whether Habitual Caffeine Consumption Affects the Ergogenic Effect of Caffeine.
    Carvalho A; Marticorena FM; Grecco BH; Barreto G; Saunders B · Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2022
    Meta-analysis60 studies pooledFitness forCaffeine
  46. Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training Combined with L-Citrulline Supplementation on Functional Capacities and Muscle Function in Dynapenic-Obese Older Adults.
    Buckinx F; Gouspillou G; Carvalho LP; Marcangeli V; El Hajj Boutros G; Dulac M; Noirez P; Morais JA; Gaudreau P; Aubertin-Leheudre M · Journal of clinical medicine · 2020
    Randomized trial56 participantsFitness Muscle Gain forCitrulline
  47. Initial Dietary Protein Intake Influence Muscle Function Adaptations in Older Men and Women Following High-Intensity Interval Training Combined with Citrulline.
    Buckinx F; Marcangeli V; Pinheiro Carvalho L; Dulac M; Hajj Boutros G; Gouspillou G; Gaudreau P; Morais J; Noirez P; Aubertin-Leheudre M · Nutrients · 2020
    Randomized trial73 participantsFitness forCitrulline
  48. Effects of Citrulline alone or combined with exercise on muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance among older adults: a systematic review.
    Aubertin-Leheudre M; Buckinx F · Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care · 2021
    Systematic review250 participants6 studies pooledFitness Muscle Gain forCitrulline
  49. Combined Vs. Single Supplementation of L-Citrulline and Sodium Bicarbonate During Sprint Interval Training in Basketball Players: Effects on Physical Performance and Hormonal Adaptations.
    Wang Y; Wang Y; Qian K · Journal of sports science & medicine · 2025
    Randomized trial40 participantsFitness forCitrulline
  50. Effect of oral L-citrulline on brachial and aortic blood pressure defined by resting status: evidence from randomized controlled trials.
    Yang HH; Li XL; Zhang WG; Figueroa A; Chen LH; Qin LQ · Nutrition & metabolism · 2022
    Meta-analysis8 studies pooledHeart Health forCitrulline
  51. Impact of L-Citrulline Supplementation and HIIT on Lipid Profile, Arterial Stiffness, and Fat Mass in Obese Adolescents with Metabolic-Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
    Rodríguez-Carrillo AA; Espinoza-Vargas MR; Vargas-Ortiz K; Ibarra-Reynoso LDR; Olvera-Juárez M; Gómez-Ojeda A; Garay-Sevilla ME; Figueroa A · Nutrients · 2025
    Randomized trial44 participantsHeart Health forCitrulline
  52. Vascular effects of l-citrulline supplementation in healthy adults are largely influenced by the prehypertensive range of blood pressure: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study.
    Nogimura D; Nagaoka K; Ogino K; Ogino N; Moriyasu K; Morita M · Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.) · 2026
    Randomized trial66 participantsHeart Health forCitrulline
  53. The Assessment of short-term effect of L-Citrulline on endothelial function via FMD to NMD ratio in known CAD patients: A randomized, cross-over clinical trial (Clinical trial number: NCT02638727).
    Safi M; Mahjoob MP; Nateghi S; Khaheshi I; Akbarzadeh MA; Naderian M · Romanian journal of internal medicine = Revue roumaine de medecine interne · 2017
    Randomized trial30 participantsHeart Health forCitrulline
  54. Effects of modafinil and caffeine on night-time vigilance of air force crewmembers: A randomized controlled trial.
    Wingelaar-Jagt YQ; Bottenheft C; Riedel WJ; Ramaekers JG · Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) · 2023
    Randomized trial32 participantsMental Focus forCaffeine
  55. Acute effects of caffeine on attention: a comparison of non-consumers and withdrawn consumers.
    Smith AP; Christopher G; Sutherland D · Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) · 2013
    Randomized trial70 participantsMental Focus forCaffeine
  56. Performance and alertness effects of caffeine, dextroamphetamine, and modafinil during sleep deprivation.
    Wesensten NJ; Killgore WD; Balkin TJ · Journal of sleep research · 2006
    Randomized trial48 participantsMental Focus forCaffeine
  57. Effects of caffeine on mood and performance: a study of realistic consumption.
    Brice CF; Smith AP · Psychopharmacology · 2003
    Clinical trial24 participantsMental Focus forCaffeine
  58. Effects of caffeine or diphenhydramine on visual vigilance.
    Fine BJ; Kobrick JL; Lieberman HR; Marlowe B; Riley RH; Tharion WJ · Psychopharmacology · 1995
    Randomized trial24 participantsMental Focus forCaffeine
  59. Four-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial of choline for neurodevelopment in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder.
    Wozniak JR; Fink BA; Fuglestad AJ; Eckerle JK; Boys CJ; Sandness KE; Radke JP; Miller NC; Lindgren C; Brearley AM; Zeisel SH; Georgieff MK · Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders · 2021
    Randomized trial31 participantsMental Focus forCholine
  60. Association between Maternal Choline, Fetal Brain Development, and Child Neurocognition: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Human Studies.
    Obeid R; Derbyshire E; Schön C · Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2022
    Meta-analysis30 studies pooledMental Focus forCholine
  61. Effect of Choline Supplementation on Neurological, Cognitive, and Behavioral Outcomes in Offspring Arising from Alcohol Exposure During Development: A Quantitative Systematic Review of Clinical and Preclinical Studies.
    Akison LK; Kuo J; Reid N; Boyd RN; Moritz KM · Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research · 2019
    Systematic reviewMental Focus forCholine
  62. Perinatal choline effects on neonatal pathophysiology related to later schizophrenia risk.
    Ross RG; Hunter SK; McCarthy L; Beuler J; Hutchison AK; Wagner BD; Leonard S; Stevens KE; Freedman R · The American journal of psychiatry · 2013
    Randomized trialMental Focus forCholine
  63. A Randomized Study to Examine the Ability of a Caffeine-Based Energy Drink to Impact Energy Expenditure, Fat Oxidation, and Cognitive Performance.
    Krieger J; Schrautemeier A; Hagele A; Gaige C; Mennemeyer O; Tolbert S; Iannotti J; Kerksick C; Noonan C; Mumford P · Nutrients · 2025
    Randomized trial60 participantsMetabolism Boost forCaffeine
  64. Oolong tea increases metabolic rate and fat oxidation in men.
    Rumpler W; Seale J; Clevidence B; Judd J; Wiley E; Yamamoto S; Komatsu T; Sawaki T; Ishikura Y; Hosoda K · The Journal of nutrition · 2001
    Randomized trial12 participantsMetabolism Boost forCaffeine
  65. Effect of caffeine intake on fat oxidation rate during exercise: is there a dose-response effect?
    Gutiérrez-Hellín J; Aguilar-Navarro M; Ruiz-Moreno C; Muñoz A; Varillas-Delgado D; Amaro-Gahete FJ; Del Coso J · European journal of nutrition · 2023
    Randomized trial18 participantsMetabolism Boost forCaffeine
  66. Comparison of changes in energy expenditure and body temperatures after caffeine consumption.
    Koot P; Deurenberg P · Annals of nutrition & metabolism · 1995
    Randomized trial12 participantsMetabolism Boost forCaffeine
  67. Caffeine Increases Work Done above Critical Power, but Not Anaerobic Work.
    Silveira R; Andrade-Souza VA; Arcoverde L; Tomazini F; Sansonio A; Bishop DJ; Bertuzzi R; Lima-Silva AE · Medicine and science in sports and exercise · 2018
    Randomized trial9 participantsMetabolism Boost forCaffeine
  68. Serum betaine is inversely associated with low lean mass mainly in men in a Chinese middle-aged and elderly community-dwelling population.
    Huang BX; Zhu YY; Tan XY; Lan QY; Li CL; Chen YM; Zhu HL · The British journal of nutrition · 2017
    Cohort study1,996 participantsMuscle Gain Weight Gain forBetaine Anhydrous
  69. Dietary betaine intake is associated with skeletal muscle mass change over 3 years in middle-aged adults: the Guangzhou Nutrition and Health Study.
    Long JA; Zhong RH; Chen S; Wang F; Luo Y; Lu XT; Yishake D; Chen YM; Fang AP; Zhu HL · The British journal of nutrition · 2021
    Cohort study1,242 participantsMuscle Gain Weight Gain forBetaine Anhydrous
  70. Higher serum choline and betaine levels are associated with better body composition in male but not female population.
    Gao X; Randell E; Zhou H; Sun G · PloS one · 2018
    Cross-sectional study1,081 participantsMuscle Gain forBetaine Anhydrous
  71. Betaine supplementation enhances anabolic endocrine and Akt signaling in response to acute bouts of exercise.
    Apicella JM; Lee EC; Bailey BL; Saenz C; Anderson JM; Craig SA; Kraemer WJ; Volek JS; Maresh CM · European journal of applied physiology · 2013
    Randomized trial12 participantsMuscle Gain forBetaine Anhydrous
  72. Ergogenic effects of betaine supplementation on strength and power performance.
    Lee EC; Maresh CM; Kraemer WJ; Yamamoto LM; Hatfield DL; Bailey BL; Armstrong LE; Volek JS; McDermott BP; Craig SA · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2011
    Randomized trial12 participantsMuscle Gain forBetaine Anhydrous
  73. Effects of Acute Ingestion of Caffeine Capsules on Muscle Strength and Muscle Endurance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
    Wu W; Chen Z; Zhou H; Wang L; Li X; Lv Y; Sun T; Yu L · Nutrients · 2024
    Meta-analysis14 studies pooledMuscle Gain forCaffeine
  74. Acute caffeine intake improves muscular strength, power, and endurance performance, reversing the time-of-day effect regardless of muscle activation level in resistance-trained males: a randomized controlled trial.
    Montalvo-Alonso JJ; Del Val-Manzano M; Cerezo-Telléz E; Ferragut C; Valadés D; Rodríguez-Falces J; Pérez-López A · European journal of applied physiology · 2025
    Randomized trial13 participantsMuscle Gain forCaffeine
  75. Wake up and smell the coffee: caffeine supplementation and exercise performance-an umbrella review of 21 published meta-analyses.
    Grgic J; Grgic I; Pickering C; Schoenfeld BJ; Bishop DJ; Pedisic Z · British journal of sports medicine · 2020
    Systematic review21 studies pooledMuscle Gain forCaffeine
  76. Effects of caffeine intake on muscle strength and power: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
    Grgic J; Trexler ET; Lazinica B; Pedisic Z · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2018
    Meta-analysis20 studies pooledMuscle Gain forCaffeine
  77. Caffeine increases strength and power performance in resistance-trained females during early follicular phase.
    Norum M; Risvang LC; Bjørnsen T; Dimitriou L; Rønning PO; Bjørgen M; Raastad T · Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports · 2021
    Randomized trial15 participantsMuscle Gain forCaffeine
  78. Impact of L-citrulline supplementation and whole-body vibration training on arterial stiffness and leg muscle function in obese postmenopausal women with high blood pressure.
    Figueroa A; Alvarez-Alvarado S; Ormsbee MJ; Madzima TA; Campbell JC; Wong A · Experimental gerontology · 2015
    Randomized trial41 participantsMuscle Gain forCitrulline
  79. Citrulline Supplementation Improves Microvascular Function and Muscle Strength in Middle-Aged and Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes.
    Figueroa A; Dillon KN; Levitt DE; Kang Y · Nutrients · 2025
    Randomized trial16 participantsMuscle Gain forCitrulline
  80. Citrulline stimulates muscle protein synthesis in the post-absorptive state in healthy people fed a low-protein diet - A pilot study.
    Jourdan M; Nair KS; Carter RE; Schimke J; Ford GC; Marc J; Aussel C; Cynober L · Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) · 2016
    Randomized trial8 participantsMuscle Gain forCitrulline
  81. Effects of caffeine on alertness.
    Zwyghuizen-Doorenbos A; Roehrs TA; Lipschutz L; Timms V; Roth T · Psychopharmacology · 1990
    Randomized trial24 participantsProductivity Boost forCaffeine
  82. Effects of Different Sources of Low-Dose Caffeine on Mood/Arousal and Cognitive Performance.
    Irwin C; McCartney D; Grant G; Delang N; Bartrim K; Cox GR; Desbrow B · Perceptual and motor skills · 2023
    Randomized trial22 participantsProductivity Boost forCaffeine
  83. Effects of caffeine, sleep loss, and stress on cognitive performance and mood during U.S. Navy SEAL training. Sea-Air-Land.
    Lieberman HR; Tharion WJ; Shukitt-Hale B; Speckman KL; Tulley R · Psychopharmacology · 2003
    Randomized trial68 participantsProductivity Boost forCaffeine
  84. A review of caffeine's effects on cognitive, physical and occupational performance.
    McLellan TM; Caldwell JA; Lieberman HR · Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2017
    Narrative reviewProductivity Boost forCaffeine
  85. Acute caffeine supplementation as a nutrition-based strategy to mitigate sleep-loss-related cognitive and operational performance impairments in military personnel: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
    Wang R; Wang W; Meng L; Hao G; Gu G · Frontiers in nutrition · 2026
    Meta-analysis7 studies pooledProductivity Boost forCaffeine
  86. Effects of betaine on body composition, performance, and homocysteine thiolactone.
    Cholewa JM; Wyszczelska-Rokiel M; Glowacki R; Jakubowski H; Matthews T; Wood R; Craig SA; Paolone V · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2013
    Randomized trial23 participantsWeight Gain forBetaine Anhydrous
  87. Maternal Betaine and Methylation Potential during Pregnancy Are Associated with Child Growth at Birth and Early Childhood: Results of the Chilean Maternal & Infant Cohort Study-II.
    Trujillo-González I; Barisione G; Bottiglieri T; Reyes M; Garmendia ML; Mujica-Coopman MF · The Journal of nutrition · 2026
    Cohort study150 participantsWeight Gain forBetaine Anhydrous
  88. Effects of Betaine Supplementation on Markers of Metabolic Flexibility, Body Composition, and Anaerobic Performance in Active College-Age Females.
    Waldman HS; Bryant AR; McAllister MJ · Journal of dietary supplements · 2023
    Randomized trial23 participantsWeight Gain forBetaine Anhydrous
  89. Association between coffee intake and skeletal muscle mass among U.S. adults: a population-based study.
    Yin H; Zhu W; Guo L; Li W; Liang M · Frontiers in nutrition · 2024
    Cross-sectional study8,333 participantsWeight Gain forCaffeine
  90. Use of caffeine in 19,660 randomly selected U.S. adults: the role of overweight and obesity.
    Tucker LA; Beltran F · Frontiers in nutrition · 2025
    Cross-sectional study19,660 participantsWeight Gain forCaffeine
  91. Dietary caffeine intake is associated with favorable metabolic profile among apparently healthy overweight and obese individuals.
    Alshahrani SH; Atia YA; Badir RA; Almalki SG; Tayyib NA; Shahab S; Romero-Parra RM; Abid MK; Hussien BM; Ramaiah P · BMC endocrine disorders · 2023
    Cross-sectional study488 participantsWeight Gain forCaffeine
  92. Exploring parental prenatal influences on child health: A multicohort study and data visualisation tool.
    Sharp GC; Lawlor DA; Easey KE; Kundu S; Elhakeem A; Hone E; McEachan RRC; Magnus MC; Havdahl A; Relton CL · PLoS medicine · 2026
    Cohort study232,139 participantsWeight Gain forCaffeine
  93. Weight gain in older adolescent females: the internet, sleep, coffee, and alcohol.
    Berkey CS; Rockett HR; Colditz GA · The Journal of pediatrics · 2008
    Cohort study5,000 participantsWeight Gain forCaffeine
  94. Effects of Citrulline Supplementation on Body Weight in Patients With Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery.
    Yang JA; Lee KE; Park JH; Yee J; Kim JY; Gwak HS · Nutrition in clinical practice : official publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · 2020
    Cohort study138 participantsWeight Gain forCitrulline
  95. Impact of high-intensity interval training with or without l-citrulline on physical performance, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue in obese older adults.
    Marcangeli V; Youssef L; Dulac M; Carvalho LP; Hajj-Boutros G; Reynaud O; Guegan B; Buckinx F; Gaudreau P; Morais JA; Mauriège P; Noirez P; Aubertin-Leheudre M; Gouspillou G · Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle · 2022
    Clinical trial81 participantsWeight Gain forCitrulline
  96. Synergistic effect of long-term L-citruline supplementation combined with exercise on body composition in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
    Wang W; Cai S; Liu K; Luo P · Complementary therapies in medicine · 2026
    Meta-analysis9 studies pooledWeight Gain forCitrulline
  97. Effects of Citrulline or Watermelon Supplementation on Body Composition: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis.
    Ashtary-Larky D; Mohammadi S; Mousavi SAH; Hajizadeh L; Candow DG; Forbes SC; Afrisham R; Farrokhi V; Antonio J; Suzuki K · Nutrients · 2025
    Meta-analysis21 studies pooledWeight Gain forCitrulline
  98. Impact of 3-week citrulline supplementation on postprandial protein metabolism in malnourished older patients: The Ciproage randomized controlled trial.
    Bouillanne O; Melchior JC; Faure C; Paul M; Canouï-Poitrine F; Boirie Y; Chevenne D; Forasassi C; Guery E; Herbaud S; Le Corvoisier P; Neveux N; Nivet-Antoine V; Astier A; Raynaud-Simon A; Walrand S; Cynober L; Aussel C · Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) · 2020
    Randomized trial24 participantsWeight Gain forCitrulline
  99. Changes in caffeine intake and long-term weight change in men and women.
    Lopez-Garcia E; van Dam RM; Rajpathak S; Willett WC; Manson JE; Hu FB · The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2006
    Cohort study58,157 participantsWeight Loss forCaffeine
  100. Does caffeine ingestion before a short-term sprint interval training promote body fat loss?
    Ferreira GA; Felippe LC; Bertuzzi R; Bishop DJ; Ramos IS; De-Oliveira FR; Lima-Silva AE · Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologicas · 2020
    Randomized trial20 participantsWeight Loss forCaffeine
  101. Eight Weeks of Sprint Interval Training With Adding Caffeine Ingestion Leads to Greater Improvements in Health-Related Physiological Parameters in Obese Male Adults.
    Zhiang J; Song Q · Physiological research · 2026
    Randomized trial30 participantsWeight Loss forCaffeine
  102. Caffeine treatment prevented from weight regain after calorie shifting diet induced weight loss.
    Davoodi SH; Hajimiresmaiel SJ; Ajami M; Mohseni-Bandpei A; Ayatollahi SA; Dowlatshahi K; Javedan G; Pazoki-Toroudi H · Iranian journal of pharmaceutical research : IJPR · 2014
    Non-randomized trial60 participantsWeight Loss forCaffeine
  103. The effects of caffeine intake on weight loss: a systematic review and dos-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
    Tabrizi R; Saneei P; Lankarani KB; Akbari M; Kolahdooz F; Esmaillzadeh A; Nadi-Ravandi S; Mazoochi M; Asemi Z · Critical reviews in food science and nutrition · 2020
    Meta-analysis606 participants13 studies pooledWeight Loss forCaffeine